UPSC Prelims 2013 question on Nirvana in Buddhism

Analysis

According to the official UPSC Answer Key for Prelims 2013 General Studies Paper, the correct option is “the extinction of the flame of desire”.

In Buddhism, Nirvana means the end of craving, desire and ignorance. It is the state where the root cause of suffering is extinguished.

1. The extinction of the flame of desire — Correct

Nirvana literally means “blowing out” or “extinguishing”.

In Buddhism, it refers to the extinction of craving or tanha, which is the root cause of suffering.

It also implies the ending of desire, hatred and ignorance.

2. The complete annihilation of self — Incorrect

Buddhism teaches Anatta, or non-self, meaning there is no permanent unchanging soul.

But Nirvana does not mean the destruction of an existing self.

It is not a nihilistic idea of complete annihilation.

3. A state of bliss and rest — Incorrect

Nirvana is associated with peace and freedom from suffering.

However, calling it merely a state of bliss and rest is incomplete.

It is the cessation of craving and liberation from the cycle of suffering.

4. A mental stage beyond all comprehension — Incorrect

Nirvana is difficult to describe through ordinary experience.

But this option is too vague and does not capture the core Buddhist meaning.

The defining feature is extinction of desire, not incomprehensibility.